[什么形状英语短语]句子成分说明.docx

实词表明.docx

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1、实词表明英文实词一、宾语：宾语是语句申辩的第一类，表明是谁或甚么。则表示语句说的是甚么人或甚么事。宾语是继续执行语句的犯罪行为或姿势的市场主体，如我画画中的我，是宾语，它作出写那个姿势。1. 术语做宾语： My school is not far from my house. 2. 动词做宾语: We like our school very much. 3. 数词做宾语: Two and two is four. 4. 术语性或术语化的词、短语或短语: This is an article. 5. 动术语做宾语: Seeing is believing. 6. 动词分词做宾语:

2、 To do such a job needs more knowledge. 7. 主语做宾语: What I mean is to work harder.二、宾语：宾语predicate verb是对宾语姿势或状况的申辩或表明,则表示做甚么、是甚么或好不好. 宾语动词的边线通常在宾语后。宾语由单纯动词或动词短语(助动词或大抵动词主要就动词）形成，依照其在句中选字某种程度可把宾语分成单纯宾语和A43EI235E宾语三类。无论哪种分词，宾语，语调，凡由一个动词（或动词短语）形成的宾语都是单纯宾语。宾语动词通常由动词的各式各样分词来充分体现。比如： I （like） walking.我讨厌骑车。(通常那时时主

3、动宾语) I (made) your birthday cake last night.昨天我搞好了你的花篮。 (通常往后时积极主动宾语) It is used by travelers and business people all over the world. (通常那时时被动宾语)A43EI235E宾语可分成三种情形： 第二种是由大抵动词，助动词+动词代之形成，比如：What does this word mean? 那个单字是甚么原意？I wont do it again. 我不能再做它（指整件事）。Ill go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao

4、. 我报请Lin Tao（一同）压住那袋米的。Youd better catch a bus. 你最合适搭乘出租车。第三种是由系动词+未来式形成的A43EI235E宾语。比如： You look the same. 你(们)看上去那样.We are all here. 他们都在那儿。The weather gets warmer, and the days get longer. 天气情形变的暖了,好日子变的长了.Keep quiet and listen to me. 维持宁静并听我说.He looked worried. 他看上去很忧伤.We have to be up early in the morning.

5、 他们必须在早上早起。Is Bill in? 比尔在吗？ School is over. Lets go home. 课上完了，他们回家吧。My pen is in my bag. 我的钢笔在我的书包里。I fell tried all the time. 我整天感到疲惫.He seemed rather tired last night. 他昨天看上去相当的累.系动词和未来式在原意上紧密联系，不能分割。三、宾语：宾语是姿势、犯罪行为的第一类，是姿势的承受者。宾语由术语、动词、分词或相当于术语的词、短语来担任。当然,也可以由一个语句来充当,称之为宾语主语, 所以一个语句中不一定只有一个宾语.英文的及

6、物动词后必须有宾语。宾语通常放及物动词后，它和及物动词一同表明宾语做甚么。除及物动词有宾语之外，英文介词后面也要有宾语。另外，某些形容词如worth, careful等后也可有宾语。宾语有直接宾语和间接宾语之分。即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语，这两个宾语统称为双宾语。My parents bought me a computer.我父母给我买了一台电脑。 She is playing the piano now.她正在弹钢琴。（术语作宾语）We all like him.（动词作宾语）Give me four.(数词作宾语)We all like to go to school.（分词t

7、o go to school作like的宾语。school作to的宾 语）We all like swimming.（动术语作宾语）I think he is right.（宾语主语作宾语）He asked me what I was thinking about. (me作asked的间接宾语，由what疑问动词引导的宾语主语作直接宾语)四、未来式：未来式是用来表明宾语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状况的，未来式常由术语、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、分词、未来式主语来充当，它常位于连系动词（be, become, appear, seem, look, sound, feel, get, smell

8、等词）后1. 术语作未来式Africa is a big continent.非洲是个大洲。 That remains is a problem to me.这对我还是个难题。2. 动词作未来式 Whats your fax number? 你的传真号是多少？ Whos your best friend?你最合适的朋友是谁？3. 形容词作未来式 I feel much better today. 我今天感觉好多了。4. 数词作未来式 She was the first to learn about it.她是第一个知道的人。5. 分词或动术语形式作未来式 Her job is selling comp

9、uters.她的工作是销售电脑。 Our next step was to get raw materials ready.他们下一步是把原料准备好。6. 介词短语作未来式 The patient is out of danger.病人脱险了。 I dont feel at ease.我感到不自在。7. 副词作未来式 The sun is up.太阳升起来了。 I must be off now.那时我得走了。8. 主语作未来式 This is what he said.这是他所说的话。分词作未来式 作未来式的分词短语通常是表明宾语的内容，这时宾语通常是如下术语：hope, idea, job,

10、plan, wish, aim, purpose, thing, businessThe purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.新技术的目的是使生活更便利，而不是更繁琐。Her wish is to become a singer.她的愿望是当一名歌手。Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.他们的计划是在两星期内完成这项工作。未来式主语 ：在语句中起未来式作用的主语叫做未来式主语。未来式主语的引导词和宾语主语的引导词相同。Wh

11、at the police want to know is when you entered the room.警察想知道的是你甚么时候进的房间。The trouble is that we are short of funds.困难是他们缺乏资金。This is what we should do.这是他们应当做的。Thats why I want you to work there.那是我要你在那儿工作的原因。His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet.他的第一个问题是史密斯先生到了没有。as if, as thoug

12、h, because也可用来引导未来式主语。She seems as if she had done a great thing.她看上去好像做了一件大事。It is because you eat too much.那是因为你吃得太多了。ing形式作未来式 ing形式作未来式则表示泛指意义的姿势，分词作未来式则表示一次性的姿势。My hobby is growing flowers.我的爱好是种花。My favourite sport is playing tennis.我喜爱的运动是打网球。比较：What I am going to do is to play tennis this afterno

13、on.我今天下午要做的事是打网球。ing形式作未来式：注意事项 在句型主 + 系 + 表中，若宾语和未来式都是非宾语形式时，宾语和未来式要取得一致。如：宾语是ing形式未来式也应是ing形式，宾语是分词时未来式也应是分词。Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.眼见为实。(误) Seeing is to believe.ing形式作定语 ing形式可以作术语的前置定语，ing形式短语作后置定语。ing形式作前置定语a swimming poola teaching methoding形式短语作后置定语Do you know the man standing

14、at the entrance?你认识站在入口处的那个人吗？There were a lot of people boating on the lake.湖上有许多正在划船的人。虚拟语调：未来式主语 宾语是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等术语时,作未来式主语的动词为代之动词或should+代之动词。My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him.我的建议是他们应该去帮助他。Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as p

15、ossible.他们唯一的请求是尽快解决那个问题。 五、定语：定语用来限定、修饰术语或动词的，定语是对术语或动词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或语句，汉语中常用的则表示。 充当定语的有：主要就由形容词担任。此外，术语、动词、数词、副词、介词短语以及动词分词（短语）、分词和定语主语等都可用作定语。形容词作定语： The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰术语boy；blue修饰术语pen.）/小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。 Tom is a handsome boyhttps://www.bingdoc.com/Tom是个英俊的男孩。 There is a good boyhttps://www.bingdoc.com/有个乖男孩。 数词作定语相当于

16、形容词：Two boys need two penshttps://www.bingdoc.com/两个男孩需要两支钢笔。 The two boys are studentshttps://www.bingdoc.com/这两个男孩是学生。 There are two boys in the roomhttps://www.bingdoc.com/房间里有两个男孩。 动词或术语所有格作定语： His boy needs Toms penhttps://www.bingdoc.com/他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。 His name is Tomhttps://www.bingdoc.com/他的名字是汤姆。 There are two boys of Toms therehttps://www.bingdoc.com/那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。 介词短语作定语： The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yourshttps://www.bingdoc.com/

17、教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。 The boy in blue is Tomhttps://www.bingdoc.com/穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆。 There are two boys of 9,and three of 10https://www.bingdoc.com/有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。 术语作定语： The boy needs a ball penhttps://www.bingdoc.com/男孩需要一支圆珠笔。 It is a ball penhttps://www.bingdoc.com/这是一支圆珠笔。 There is only one ball pen in the pencil boxhttps://www.bingdoc.com/这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。 副词作定语： The boy there needs a penhttps://www.bingdoc.com/那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The best bo

18、y here is Tomhttps://www.bingdoc.com/这里最棒的男孩是Tom。 分词作定语： The boy to write this letter needs a penhttps://www.bingdoc.com/写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The boy to write this letter is Tomhttps://www.bingdoc.com/将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。 There is nothing to do todayhttps://www.bingdoc.com/今天没有事要做。 分词（短语）作定语： The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his motherhttps://www.bingdoc.com/那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。 The pen bought by her is made in Chi

19、nahttps://www.bingdoc.com/她买的笔是中国产的。 There are five boys lefthttps://www.bingdoc.com/有五个留下的男孩。 定语主语： The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterdayhttps://www.bingdoc.com/那个在写作的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。 The boy you will know is Tomhttps://www.bingdoc.com/你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。 There are five boys who will play the gamehttps://www.bingdoc.com/参加游戏的男孩有五个。定语的边线通常有三种：用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语，用在所修饰词后的叫后置定语。单字作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前

20、置定语。短语和主语作定语时则放在所修饰的词后，作后置定语。1、定语前置在英文里,通常定语前置时的次序为:限定词，形容词、分词、动术语和术语性定语。但当几个形容词同时出那时术语短语之前,他们要注意其次序。其形容词遵循的词序为：限观形龄色国材，指：限定词（通常指数量）；外观（美丽等）；花纹（大小，高矮，肥瘦）；年龄；颜色；国籍；材料；用途。如：1限定词 2 外观 3花纹 4年龄 5颜色 6国籍 7材料 8用途A famous American university.An interesting little red French oil painting.A new plastic bucket

21、.A purple velvet curtainsAn elegant German clock另外,有些形容词也有特殊的次序:1) 描述身体特征的形容词先于则表示情感和性格特征的形容词比如:a small lovely girl , a long patient queue , a pale anxious patient ; 2) 则表示颜色的形容词放在则表示情感和性格特征的形容词后比如:a kindly black teacher ,an inquisitive brown dog ;3) little ,old 和young 有时可以作为术语短语不可分割的一部分,所以可以直接放在术语之前,

22、比如:a lovely little girl 4) 则表示性格特征的形容词可以放在old young 之前,也可放在old young 后,比如:a young ambitious man (强调年龄) ,an ambitious young man(强调雄心勃勃) 。当然,三个以上形容词连用作定语,就显得累赘,因此上面所说的情形通常较少出现.2、定语后置（1）短语作定语通常后置It was a conference fruitful of results. 那是一个硕果累累的会议。He gave me a basket full of eggs. 他给我一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。English

23、is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英文是一门容易学但是难精通的语言。The boys hardest to teach are all in his class.最难教的男生都在他的班里了。（2）修饰some，any，no，every等词形成的不定动词的定语都后置Lets go somewhere quiet. 咱们去找个宁静一点的地方吧。There is nothing important in todays newspaper. 今天报纸上没有甚么重要的东西。Do you have anything more to s

24、ay? 你还有甚么话要说吗?（3）副词作定语The people here are very friendly. 这里的人很友好。They lived in the room above.他们住在楼上的房间。（4）动词、术语转化而来的以-able,-ible 结尾的形容词作定语He is a person dependable. 他是一个可以依靠的人This is the only transportation means available. 这是唯一可行的交通工具。（5）起强调用的单个分词Everybody involved should stay here.The college men

25、tioned.3. 定语主语英文里有大量的定语主语,而汉语里却没有定语主语的说法。英文中定语主语中甚至还可能包含定语主语,即多重定语主语。如： A healthy diet includes enough but not too many kinds of foods that provide the body with the nutrients that it needs to function properly. (健康的饮食包括的食物应该充足但又不过多。这些食物提供身体正常活动所必需的营养)1）英文的A43EI235E句中,分句以其主句为基干,通过连接手段,一层一层地展开,就好像一棵树的树干上长出大

26、枝子,大枝子上再长出小枝子。汉语的分句则更多按照时间发生的顺序出现,依次展开。如： 伟大领袖和导师毛主席领导中国共产党进行了艰苦卓绝的斗争,建立了新中国,人民得到了解放,科学得到了解放。这句话,译成英文便成了With the founding of new China (which was) born of arduous struggles (which were) waged by the Chinese Communist Party (which was) under the leadership of our great leader and teacher Chairman M

27、ao , our people , and science as well , won emancipation.（王良兰，2003）2）英文中的非限制性定语主语所表达的信息,在汉语里通常由另一个小句来表达。用非限制性定语主语时，前应加逗号，并且非限制性定语主语引导词只能用which，不能用that。比如:She asked for his help which he gladly gave. 她要求他帮忙,他愉快地帮助了她。再如: It was a century during which the country suffered continuously from wars. 一个世纪往后

28、了,在这期间那个国家不断遭受战乱之苦。六、英文状语英文中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的实词叫状语（adverbial)。状语的功用：状语表明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、某种程度、方式和伴随状况等。状语通常由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、分词或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其边线通常放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。 副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,表明时间,地点,某种程度,方式等概念。 1.副词通常在语句中做状语He speaks English very well. 他英文说得非常好.He is playing under the tree.中的under the t

29、ree(地点状语)2. 分词在语句中可以作目的状语。I come specially to see you.我专门来看你.3.介词短语Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.The boy was praised for his bravery. 4.主语作状语When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.5.分词作状语Having had a quarrel with

30、his wife, he left home in a bad temper。Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.七、英文补语英文补语的作用第一类是宾语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充表明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。术语、动术语、形容词、副词、分词、那时分词、往后分词都可以在语句中作宾补。1、宾语的补语它用在系动词后，是语句的一个基本成分。常用主系表结构。1.I saw her with them, at l

31、east, I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一同，至少，至少我认为是她。（her做宾 语，them做介词宾语，her做宾语补语）2. - Who broke the vase? -谁打碎了花瓶？- Me. -我。 （me做宾语补语=Its me.）3.John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. （she做宾语补语）约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。2、宾语的补语1）分词(to do) Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不

32、让他们在街上玩耍。 We believe him to be guilty. 他们相信他是有罪的。 We made him copy the sentence. He is made to copy the sentence. I felt my hands tremble.2）术语At the meeting we elected him monitor.I think your brother a clever boy.3）形容词What you said made Xiao Wang angry.I found the classroom empty4）副词Please call the

33、 students back at once.He was seen to take his cap off.5）那时分词We hear him singing in the hall.I found him lying in bed, sleeping.6）往后分词He saw his face reflected in the water.I heard it spoken of in the next room.八、同位语 一）先行词 1定语主语的先行词是术语或动词；而同位语主语的先行词只能是术语，而且仅限于idea，plan， fact，theory，promise，hope，news

34、，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，question， thought，belief，conclusion等少数术语。比如： The boy who is playing football is my classmate Those who work hard will succeed The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody The fact that you are talking about is important 在句中，划线部分是定语主语，其先行词是术语 boy，它不能用

35、作同位语主语的先行词。 在句中，划线部分也是定语主语，其先行词是动词those，动词不能用作同位语主语的先行词。 在句中，划线部分是同位语主语，其先行词是术语fact，它同样可以用作定语主语的先行词，句便是一例。 由以上分析可见，同位语主语的先行词一定可以用作定语主语的先行词，但定语主语的先行词不一定能用作同位语主语的先行词。 2when，where，why引导的定语主语的先行词一定分别是则表示时间、地点和原因的术语，而三者引导的同位语主语的先行词则肯定不是则表示时间、地点和原因的术语。比如： I still remember the day when I first came to Beijin

36、g I have no idea when she will be back 在句中，划线部分是when引导的定语主语，其先行词day是则表示时间的术语；在句中，划线部分是when引导的同位语主语，其先行词idea则不是则表示时间的术语。 二）引导词 定语主语和同位语主语共同的引导词有四个：that，when，where，why。下面把四个引导词 分成三类表明它们在三种主语中的不同用法。 1引导词that 引导定语主语的that叫做关系动词，它除了起连接作用，还在定语主语中充当一定成分，并且在意义上代表先行词；引导同位语主语的that叫做从属连词，它只起连接作用。比如： The news that

37、 you told me yesterday was really exciting We heard the news that our team had won 在句中，划线部分是定语主语，that在主语中作宾语，在意义上指代先行词news。在句中，划线部分是同位语主语，that没有任何意义，只起连接作用。 2引导词when，where，why 引导定语主语时，它们叫做关系副词，在主语中充当状语，可以转换成介词关系动词的形式；引导同位语主语时，它们叫做连接副词，在主语中充当状语，但不能转换成介词关系动词的形式。比如： I will never forget the day when I j

38、oined the army We have no idea when she was born 在句中，划线部分是定语主语，when在主语中作状语，它可以转换成on which的形式；在句 中，划线部分是同位语主语， when在主语中充当状语，但不能转换成介词关系动词的形式。 This is the house where I lived two years ago He put forward to the question where the meeting would be held 在句中，划线部分是定语主语，where在主语中作状语，它可以转换成in which的形式；在句 中，划

39、线部分是同位语主语， where在主语中充当状语，但不能转换成介词关系动词的形式。 This is the reason why she will not attend the meeting The teacher had no idea why Jack was absent 在句中，划线部分是定语主语，why在主语中作状语，它可以转换成for which的形式；在句 中，划线部分是同位语主语，why在主语中充当状语，但不能转换成介词关系动词的形式。 一个术语(或其它形式)对另一个术语或动词进行修饰，限定或表明，那个术语(或其它形式)是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在

40、一同。 1.由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语。 Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. 他们的新老师史密斯先生对他们很好。 Mr. Smith是主词our new teacher的同位语,指同一人。 Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers.昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。 a friend of my brothers是受词Tom的同位语,指同一人。 2.如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只

41、作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。 He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor. 他本人对我讲,他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。 brother和John都是单一的字作同位语,与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。 Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James. 昨天我与我的英文老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。 同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。 3.同位语除则表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以则表示部分意义。 We Ch

42、inese people are brave and hardworking. 他们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 He is interested in sports, especially ball games. 他讨厌运动,特别是球类运动。 同位主语通常跟在某些术语如answer(答案)，hope(希望)，fact(事实)，belief (信仰)，news(消息)，idea(主意；观念)，promise(承诺)，information(信息)，conclusion(结论)，order(命令)， suggestion(建议)，problem(问题)，thought (想法)等后面。比如： He a

43、lways works hard even if he knows the fact that he is not in good health. His failure was due to the fact that he had not practised for a long time. I had no idea that you were here. She told us her hope that she would become a pianist. He made a promise that he would never come late. 注意： that 既可引导同

44、位语主语又可引导定语主语，其区别在于：同位语主语由连接词that引导，连接词that本身无意义，在同位语主语中不充当任何成分，不可省略，不可以用其他词替代；定语主语由关系动词that引导，关系动词that在主语中充当一定的成分，作宾语时可省略，由when, why, where引导的 同位语主语和定语主语的区别在于： 同位语主语由连接副词只起连接作用，没有指代作用；定语主语由关系副词引导，关系副词具有指代先行词的作用，常用一个介词加关系动词替换。比如:I will never forget the day when we first met. （定语主语, when为连接词） That is the special day (which/that) I will never forget. （定语主语，which/that为关系副词） This is the house where we lived fifteen years ago. （定语主语, where为连接词） This is the house which we sold fifteen years ago. （定语主语，where为关系副词） 注：each可做同位语，every不可，例：They each went there yesterday