在英文学术论文中时常加进的「比如说」，在英文许多单字有「比如说」的原意，如such as, for example, e. g. , i. e. , etc. 和et al. 等。那些单字答差别，怎样恰当采用「比如说」。上面总括预测这两个词的原意，并阐释其恰当用语。
常列出同行业人某类中的两个范例。
其众所周知的则表示式为
a plural + such as + single instance( s) of the group to which the plural refers。
恰当采用的是：
The Arts Faculty deals only with humanities subjects such as history and literature.
混为一谈采用的是：
The Science Faculty deals only with the measurable such as physics and seismology.
学术论文中多再次出现such as与and so on或etc. 连写这是不恰当的。
① 如 It is noted that the features such as clean cut ratio denoted by Rc , die roll height denoted byHdr and die roll width denoted by Wdr , and so on (有的是再次出现etc.) , are better than the ones with the other models.
应属 It is noted that the features, such as clean cut ratio denoted by Rc , die roll height denoted byHdr and die roll width denoted by Wdr , are better than the ones with the other models.
当采用such as时,读者已理解后面接着的会是一些不完整的列出，因此不需加上and so on或 etc. 等。
② 因为such as是对前面的复数名词部分起列出作用，若全部列出出，要改用namely，原意为「即」。文章中再次出现的He knows four languages, such as Chinese, English, Japanese and German，应将such as改成namely(或i. e. )及后面加逗号， 即He knows four languages, namely, Chinese, English, Japanese and German.
③ 用such as来形容复数名词( the plural)可以放在such与as中间，一般插在被列出事物与前面的名词之间。
用来总括说明，由它引出介绍普遍概念的范例，采用范围要比such as自由。可以再次出现在句首、句末或有时可作为独立语,插在句中，不影响句子其他部分的语法关系。
比如说：Cryptography operations, for example, decryption or signing, in a given period only involve the corresponding temporary secret key without further access to the helper.
同样for example ( e. g. )则表示泛泛地举两个范例，并没有囊括所有的是实例，其中就已经包含「等等」。如果再加etc. 或and so on,就画蛇添足了。
如学术论文中再次出现的这句话是不当的：Writing instructors focus on a number of complex skills that require extensive practice (e. g. , organization, clear expression, logical thinking, etc.
恰当的为e. g. , organization, clear expression, and logical thinking.
是拉丁文exempli gratia的缩写，原意是「举个范例」、「比如说」等同于「for example」。目的是用范例来说明前面的观点，用语与for example相同。
源于拉丁语,是id est的简略形式。其原意就是「那就是说」，「换句话说」，等同于「that is, in other words」和「namely」，目的是用来进一步解释前面所说的观点。
恰当的用语是Use a comma to enclose ( i. e. , both before and after) the year in a month day year sequence.
而文章中再次出现的这句The evaluation noted that the employee had frequently exhibited irresponsible behavior ( i. e. , coming to work late, failing to complete projects) . 应该用「e. g.?」而不是用「i. e.」。因为插入句是对「irresponsible behavior」的列出补充。
是et cetera的缩写，原意是「等等」，相当于「and so on」。可用来列出事物,若要列出人，则需用et al. 或用and others。
是拉丁文简写。其一为et alibi (以及其他地方) ，相当于and elsewhere；其二为et alii (以及其他人) ,相当于and others。
来源：丁香园http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/topic/27060341
