灵山旺 龚汉忠
(华东师范大学学刊杂志社, 200030,北京)
在英文学术论文的撰稿研磨中,常会碰到such as, for example, e. g. , i. e. , etc. 和et al. 的严重错误及混为一谈采用。这儿,总括预测这两个词的象征意义,并阐释其恰当用语。
1) such as。常列出同行业人某类中的两个范例。
其众所周知的则表示式为a plural + such as + single instance( s) of the group to which the plural refers。
恰当采用的是: The Arts Faculty deals only with humanities subjects such as history and literature.
混为一谈采用的是: The Science Faculty deals only with the measurable such as physics and seismology.
学术论文中多再次出现such as与and so on或etc. 连写, 这是不恰当的。
① 如 It is noted that the features such as clean cut ratio denoted by Rc , die roll height denoted by Hdr and die roll width denoted by Wdr , and so on (有的是再次出现etc.) , are better than the ones with the other models.
应属 It is noted that the features, such as clean cut ratio denoted by Rc , die roll height denoted by Hdr and die roll width denoted by Wdr , are better than the ones with the other models.
当采用such as时,读者已理解后面接着的会是一些不完整的列出,因此不需加上and so on或 etc. 等。
② 因为such as是对前面的复数名词部分起列出作用,若全部列出出,要改用namely,意思为即。文章中再次出现的He knows four languages, such as Chinese, English, Japanese and German,应将such as改成namely(或i. e. )及后面加逗号, 即He knows four languages, namely, Chinese, English, Japanese and German.
③ 用such as来形容复数名词( the plural)可以放在such与as中间,一般插在被列出事物与前面的名词之间。
2) for example。用来总括说明,由它引出介绍普遍概念的范例,采用范围要比such as自由。可以再次出现在句首、句末或有时可作为独立语,插在句中,不影响句子其他部分的语法关系。
例如, Cryptography operations, for example, decryption or signing, in a given period only involve the corresponding temporary secret key without further access to the helper.
同样for example ( e. g. )则表示泛泛地举两个范例,并没有囊括所有的是实例,其中就已经包含等等,如果再加etc. 或and so on,就画蛇添足了。
如学术论文中再次出现的这句话是不当的:Writing instructors focus on a number of complex skills that require extensive practice (e. g. , organization, clear expression, logical thinking, etc. 恰当的为e. g. , organization, clear expression, and logical thinking.
3) e. g.。是拉丁文exempli gratia的缩写,意思是举个范例,比如说,等同于for example,目的是用范例来说明前面的观点,用语与for example相同。
4) i. e.。源于拉丁语,是id est的简略形式。其意思就是那就是说,换句话说,等同于that is, in other words和namely,目的是用来进一步解释前面所说的观点。
恰当的用语是Use a comma to enclose ( i. e. , both before and after) the year in a month day year sequence. 而文章中再次出现的这句The evaluation noted that the employee had frequently exhibited irresponsible behavior ( i. e. , coming to work late, failing to complete projects) ,应该用e. g. 而不是用i. e. ,因为插入句是对irresponsible behavior的列出补充。
5) etc.。是et cetera的缩写,意思是等等,相当于and so on。可用来列出事物,若要列出人,则需用et al. 或用and others。
6) et al.。是拉丁文简写。其一为et alibi (以及其他地方) ,相当于and elsewhere;其二为et alii (以及其他人) ,相当于and others。
